ABU ABDULLAH AL-BATANI (858-929 A.D.)

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Batani al-Harrani was born around 858 A.D. in Harran. Batani was a famous astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. He has been held as one of the greatest astronomists of Islam. He is responsible for a number of important discoveries in Astronomy. His well known discovery is the remarkably accurate determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 second, which is very close to the latest estimates.
Al Batani determined with remarkable accuracy the obliquity of the eclipse, the length of the seasons and the true and mean orbit of the sun.
He proved the variation of the apparent angular diameter of the sun and the possibility of annular eclipses. He rectified several orbits of the moon and the planets and propounded a new and very ingenious theory to determine the conditions of visibility of the new moon. His treatise on Astronomy was extremely influential in Europe till Renaissance, with translations available in several languages.

IBN AL-BAITAR (DIED 1248 A.D.)

Abu Muhammad Abdullah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din al-Malaqi was one of the greatest scientists of Muslim Spain and was the greatest botanist and pharmacist of the Middle Ages. He learned Botany from Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati,with whom he started collecting plants in and around Spain on a plant collecting expedition and traveled along the northern coast of Africa as far as Asia Minor. The major stations he visited include Bugia, Constantinople, Tunis, Tripoli, Barqa, Adalia and Syria. Ibn Baitar’s major contribution, Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada, is one of the greatest botanical compilations dealing with medicinal plants in Arabic. The encyclopedia comprises some 1,400 different items, largely medicinal plants and vegetables, of which about 200 plants were not known earlier.
His second monumental treatise Kitab al-Mughni fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada is an encyclopedia of Medicine. The drugs are listed in accordance with their therapeutical value. Thus, its twenty different chapters deal with the plants bearing significance to disease of head, ear, eye etc.

ABU AL-NASR AL-FARABI (870-950 C.E.)

Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn al-Farakh al-Farabi was born in a small village Wasij, near Farab in Turkistan in 259 A.H.(870 C.E.). As a philosopher and scientist, he acquired great proficiency in various branches of learning and is reported to have been expert in different languages.
Farabi contributed considerably to Science, Philosophy, Logic, Sociology, Psychology, Medicine, Mathematics and Music. He was also an encyclopedist. Author of large number of books on several subjects embodying his original contribution; he came to be known as the “Secont Teacher” (al-Muallam al-Sani) Aristotle being the first. One of the important contributions of the Farabi was to make the study of logic easier by dividing it into two categories viz., Takhayyul (idea) and Sabut (proof). 
In Sociology he wrote several books out of which Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila became famous. He also wrote a book on Music, captioned Kitab al-Musiqa and invented several musical instruments.

IBN ABBAS ZAHRAWI (936-1013 C.E.)

Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi was born in 936 C.E. in Zahra in the neighborhood of Cordova. He became one of the most renowned surgeons and physicians of the Muslim era.
He is best known for his early and original breakthroughs in surgery as well as for his famous medical encyclopedia called Al-Tasrif, which is composed of thirty volumes. Three volumes on surgery specially focus on cauterization, removal of stone from the bladder, dissection of animals, midwifery, styptics and surgery of eye, ear and throat. He perfected several delicate operations, including the removal of dead fetus and amputation.
Al Zahrawi was the inventor of several surgical instruments and specialized in curing disease by cauterization.
Al Zahrawi was also an expert in dentistry, and his book contains sketches of various instruments used thereof. He discussed the problem of deformed teeth and developed the technique of preparing artificial teeth and of replacement of defective teeth by these. In Medicine, he was the first to describe in detail the unusual disease, hemophilia

JABIR IBN HAIYAN (BORN 1190 A.D.)

Jaber Ibn Haiyan, the alchemist Jebber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry. Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Haiyan, sometimes caleed al-Harrani and al-Sufi, was the son of a druggist (Attar). The precise date of his birth is the subject of some discussion, but it is established that he practiced Medicine and Alchemy in Kufa around 776 C.E. He is reported to have studied under Imam Ja’far Sadiq and the Ummayed prince Khalid Ibn Yazid. In his early days, he practiced Medicine and was under the patronage of the Barmaki Vizir during the Abbasid Caliphate of Haroon al-Rashid. He shared some of the effects of the downfall of the Barmakis and was placed under house arrest in Kufa, where he died in 803 C.E.

IBN CINA (980-1037 C.E.)

Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdullah Ibn Sina was born in 980 C.E. at Afshana, near Bukhara. He was the most famous physician, philosopher, encyclopedist, mathematician and astronomer of his time. His major contribution to medical science was his famous book Al-Qanoon, known as the “Canon” in the West. The Qanun fi al-Tibb is an immense encyclopedia of Medicine extending over a million words. His important original contribution includes such advances as recognition of the contagious nature of phthisis and tuberculosis; distribution of diseases by water and soil and interaction between psychology and health. In addition to describing pharmacological methods the book described 760 drugs and became the most authentic materia medica of the era. He was also the first to describe meningitis and made rich contributions to Anatomy, Gynecology and child health. His philosophical encyclopedia Kitab al-Shifa was a monumental work, embodying a vast field of knowledge from philosophy to science.
Ibn Sina also contributed to Mathematics, Physics, Music and other fields. In Physics his contribution comprised the study of different forms of energy, heat, light and mechanical and such concepts as force, vacuum and infinity, specific gravity and use of air thermo-meter.

ABU RAIHAN AL-BIRUNI (973-1048 C.E.)

Al-Biruni was a versatile scholar and scientist who had equal facility in Physics, Metaphysics, Mathematics, Geography, Sociology, Astrology, Archeology and History. 
His well known book Kitab al-Hind gives a graphic account of the historical and social conditions of the sub-continent. His famous book Qanoon-i Masoodi discusses several theories of Astronomy, Trigonometry, solar, lunar and planetary motions and relative topics. In al-Athar al-Baqia, he has attempted a connected account of ancient history of nations and the related geographical knowledge, discussed the rotation of the earth and has given correct values of longitudes and latitudes of various places. His Kitab al-Saidana, is an extensive materia medica that combines the Arabic and Indian knowledge on Medicine. Kitab al-Jawahar deals with the properties of various stones. The formula attributed to Newton was actually discovered by him seven centuries before. He developed a new mathematical formula to add geometrical progressions.
He was the first to take experiments related to astronomical phenomenon. He ascertained that as compared with the speed of sound, the speed of light is immense. He was authentic astrologer.

ABU ALI HASAN IBN AL-HAITHAM (965-1040 C.E.)

The father of modern optics, Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was one of the most eminent physicists, whose contributions to optics and the scientific methods are outstanding. His scientific pursuits, included Optics, Mathematics, Physics, Medicine and development of scientific methods on each of which he has several outstanding books.
He discovered the laws of refraction and carried out the first experiments on the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. His book Kitab al-Manazir was translated into Latin in the Middle Ages. In this work, he rejected the then, popular idea that eyes give out light rays. Instead, he correctly deduced that eyes work when light rays enter the eye from outside.
He dealt at length with the theory of various physical phenomenons like shadows, eclipses, the rainbow and speculated on the physical nature of light. He is the first to describe accurately the various parts of the eye and give the scientific explanation of the process of vision. He also attempted to explain binocular vision and gave the correct explanation of apparent increase in the size of sun and moon when near the horizon. He is known for the earliest use of camera obscura.
His research on catoptrics centered on spherical and parabolic mirrors and spherical aberration. He made the important observation that the ratio between the angle of incidence and refraction does not remain constant and investigated the magnifying power of a lens.
In his book Mizan al-Hikmah, Ibn al-Haitham has discussed the density of the atmosphere and studied atmospheric refraction. He discovered the twilight only ceases and begins when the sun is 19° below the horizon. In Mathematics, he developed analytical geometry by establishing linkage between algebra and geometry. The list of his books runs to 200 or so.

ABU'L WALEED MUHAMMAD IBN RUSHD (1128-1198 C.E.)

Abu'l Waleed Muhammad Ibn Rushd, known as Averroes in the West, was born  in 1128 C.E. in Cordova.
Ibn Rushd made remarkable contributions in Philosophy, Logic, Medicine, Music and Jurisprudence. In Medicine his well known book Kitab al-Kulyat fi al-Tibb was written before 1162 C.E. Its Latin translation was known as 'Colliget'. In it, Ibn Rushd had thrown light on various aspects of Medicine including the diagnoses, cure and prevention of diseases. 
In Philosophy Tuhafut al-Tuhafut was written in response to Ghazali's work. In the field of Music, Ibn Rushd wrote a commentary on Aristotle's book De Anima. In Astronomy he wrote a treatise on the motion of the sphere, Kitab fi-Harakat al-Falak.
Ibn Rushd's writings spread over 20,000 pages, the most famous of which deal with Philosophy, Medicine and Jurisprudence. On Medicine alone he wrote 20 books. Regarding Jurisprudence, his book Hidayat-al-Mujtahid wa-Nihayat-al-Muqtasid has been held by Ibn Jafar Thahabi as possibly the best book on the Maliki School of Fiqah. Ibn Rushd's writings were translated into various languages. Aristotle was recognized in Europe because of Ibn Rushd's deliberations on his work.

AL-RAZI (864-930 C.E.)

Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 C.E.) was born at Ray, Iran. Initially he was interested in music but later on he learnt Medicine, Mathematics, Astronomy, Chemistry and Philosophy.
In medicine his contribution was so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. Some of his works in Medicine e.g. Kitab al-Mansoori, Al-Hawi, Kitab al-Mulooki, and Kitab al-Judari wa al-Hasabahearned everlasting fame. Kitab al-Mansoori which was translated into Latin in the 15th century C.E., comprised ten volumes and dealt exhaustively with Greco-Arab medicine. He became the first to draw clear comparison between smallpox and chicken-pox. Al-Hawi was the largest medical encyclopedia composed by then. He greatly favoured cure through correct and regulated food and psychological treatment. He was also an expert surgeon and was the first to use opium for anaesthesia. 
He compounded medicines and designed several instruments used in chemical investigations. One of his books called Kitab al-Asrar deals with the preparation of chemical materials and their utilization. He paved way for organic and inorganic Chemistry. He was the first to produce sulphuric acid and prepared alcohol by fermenting sweet products. His contribution as a philosopher is also well known. 
He has more than 200 outstanding scientific contributions to his credit, out of which about half deal with Medicine and 21 concern alchemy,

Guglielmo Marchese Marconi

Guglielmo Marchese Marconi

Marconi is a Nobel laureate physicist from Italy. He is best known for his invention of Radio and he first introduced wireless telegraph system. He was born to a landowner father Giuseppe Marconi and his mother was Annie Jameson. He was very interested to science form his early life. He initially started working on electromagnetic wave or radio waves invented by Heinrich Hertz. Then after a long research he could figure out such a technology to communicate without wire. After his invention, he marketed this equipment for the commercial purpose and at that time he got a competitor free market in the U.S.

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose

He was the first renowned Bengali scientist who had an important contribution in the invention of Radio and microwave optics. He was born in Mymensingh in Bengal which is the current Munshiganj District in Bangladesh. He studied in Hare school in Kolkata and then he got his B.A. in Science degree from Calcutta University. Then he went to England and got a B.A. degree from Cambridge University and a B.Sc. from London University. After coming back to the country he started teaching Physics in the Presidency College at Kolkata. In his teaching career he had to prove his quality and talent as he was the first Indian to teach Science at the college. In 1894 he started to research on Radio wave to make wireless communication equipments. At the same time Italy’s Marconi also was researching on this project. He first invented "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" and he is the first person to use a semiconductor junction to catch the radio waves. It is said that his work on millimeter wavelength made him 50 years ahead. Considering such things it is said that he was the real inventor of Radio but due to his less seriousness towards patent and the communication gap made Marconi to be regarded as the inventor of Radio.

After that he contributed in plant where he could make some vital theory of ascent of sap. In this research he showed that some living cells in the endodermis junction are the reason for the ascent of sap.

Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur

He is one of the most famous contributors in the medical science. He first introduced the germ theory of diseases. This is regarded as the base of today’s microbiology. He found out some of the notion of the microbe and he could find out that the viruses were not detectable through microscope. Another important contribution of Pasteur is to protect harmful microbes in a way called “Pasteurization” where harmful microbes are destroyed by hitting the food. He is undoubtedly the most influential scientist in medical science.

Stephen Hawking

Stephen Hawking

This famous scientist is considered as the greatest scientist of the twentieth century after Einstein. Haw king’s big bang theory and black hole theory has turned the attention of the world. He is the professor of Mathematics of the University of Cambridge. Though he is now about to be paralyzed, he is teaching through a computer supported a machine by which his world are compiled. His physical illness could not make him stop form his research. His famous book is “A Brief History of Time”.

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio

Volta was Italian physicist and he is best known for his contribution to the development of electric battery. This benevolent scientist is also regarded as one of the founder of the electric age. His parents sent him to the Jesuit school intending to make him a Jurist. He also taught in the University of Pavia for 25 year. After that in 1800 he could make voltaic pile which could produce steady electric current. He then worked on to develop the electric bulb. For his work in the electric development he was given a count by Napoleon. Emperor of Austria honored him naming him a professor of Philosophy at Padova. For his honor an electric unit Volt was named after him.

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison

Edison is the great inventor who has over 1000 patents and his inventions are in various fields used in our daily life. In his early life he was thought to have a learning disability and he could not read till he was twelve and later he himself admitted that he became deaf after pulling up to a train car by his ears. He first could able to turn the attention of the world after inventing Phonograph. His one of the most popular invention is the Electric Bulb. He also developed the telegraph system. His invention of carbon telephone transmitter developed the carbon microphone which was used in the telephoned till 1980. He also became a prominent businessman and his business institution produced his inventions and marketed the products to the general people.

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein

Einstein is the great scientist of the twentieth century and notable physicist of all time. It is told that he had learning disability in his childhood. He could not talk till he was three and could not read till he was eight. Despite such problems he later became the noble prize winner for his contribution to the Physics. His theory of relativity is considered as a revolutionary development of Physics. He got Noble Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the Photoelectric Effect and for his research in Theoretical physics.

Charles Robert Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin

here can be debate about whether Charles Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) is the greatest scientist of all time but there is no doubt that he is the most controversial scientist of all time. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)- this is the book that has made Darwin immortal in the world history. This book has changed the course of science radically. It is perhaps an irony that Darwin studied theology and instead of becoming a clergy, he became naturalist.

Darwin went to different parts of the world and carried out extensive research. His theory about origin of human beings caused widespread controversy. Darwin stated that human beings have evolved through many changes and survival of the fittest was in important factor in the development of animal world. Darwin’s theory still causes passionate debate among his supporters and opponents.

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei

Galileo is considered as one of the greatest contributor to the development of Science. It is undoubtedly true that Galileo could first helped science to come out of the trend of Aristotle. He was physicist, astronomer, and philosopher and his best known contributions lie in the development of Telescope, first two laws of motion and also in Astronomy. He is also considered as the father of astronomy, father of physics and father of science.

He was born to a mathematician and musician father Vincenzo Galilei and his mother was Giulia Ammannati in Italy. He was taught form his very early life. He was the first scientist who followed the way of quantitative experiments in his research where the result was based on mathematics. He had to suffer a lot from the church for his theories.